WPCt2 2 BPZ Courier 10cpi8!|xx6X@8X@Panasonic KX-P1124PAKXP112.PRSx  @|X@2< ZLv(!|xPanasonic KX-P1124PAKXP112.PRSx  @|@a8DocumentgDocument Style StyleXX` `  ` 2:pOkk*a4DocumentgDocument Style Style . a6DocumentgDocument Style Style GX  a5DocumentgDocument Style Style }X(# a2DocumentgDocument Style Style<o   ?  A.  2vltV a7DocumentgDocument Style StyleyXX` ` (#` BibliogrphyBibliography:X (# a1Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers:`S@ I.  X(# a2Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers C @` A. ` ` (#` 2  l  a3DocumentgDocument Style Style B b  ?  1.  a3Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers L! ` ` @P 1. ` `  (# a4Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers Uj` `  @ a. ` (# a5Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers _o` `  @h(1)  hh#(#h 2   V / a6Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbersh` `  hh#@$(a) hh#((# a7Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumberspfJ` `  hh#(@*i) (h-(# a8Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph NumbersyW"3!` `  hh#(-@p/a) -pp2(#p a1DocumentgDocument Style StyleXqq   l ^) I. ׃  2f+- XXDoc InitInitialize Document Style  0*0*  I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)DocumentgTech InitInitialize Technical Style. k I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a) 1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 Technicala5TechnicalTechnical Document Style)WD (1) . a6TechnicalTechnical Document Style)D (a) . 2UFa2TechnicalTechnical Document Style<6  ?  A.   a3TechnicalTechnical Document Style9Wg  2  1.   a4TechnicalTechnical Document Style8bv{ 2  a.   a1TechnicalTechnical Document StyleF!<  ?  I.   2 a7TechnicalTechnical Document Style(@D i) . a8TechnicalTechnical Document Style(D a) . PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paperP@n   $] X X` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:1 cm piece), class (CS), Genus, Element, Source (if known, otherwise UN), condition, and your initials (see coding form).(# Xc) If you find tools or resharpening flakes that are less than 1 cm put them in the further analysis bag. For the rest of the < 1 cm material put it in Chipped Stone Analysis 1 ONLY storage box.(# '|818181,, Part II: For those pieces that are larger than 1 cm we will do a more detailed consideration of some of their attributes. Analysis 2 continues on the same line as analysis 1 for the same piece. % Analysis 2 ă \&(> 1 cm) Xa)` ` Measure the length, width, and thickness of the piece to the nearest 10th of a mm and record these three measurements in the marked columns. (# Xb) Record the remainder of the information on the material listed on the Coding form. (# Xc) For tools and resharpening flakes put them in the further analysis box. For flakes, angular debris, and shatter, sort them into the minimum nodule boxes on the table in the mezz. These pieces are to be sorted by similar material, color, inclusions, etc. to the best of your ability. Get new boxes if there doesn't seem to be a proper match with any of the ones on the table.(# @}818181,, 48TE1291 JACKSON FISH HATCHERY SITE: CHIPPED STONE ANALYSIS CODING FORM %ANALYSIS 1: ă  PART I: PROVENIENCE INFORMATION BLOCK XAll units at the JFH have a block designation (e.g., P50)(# UNIT ` ` Excavation unit number. The excavation unit number refers to the particular numbered unit given to that one by one.(#` FLD # XRecord the field number of either the individual artifact or of the screen bag that the artifact comes from.(# CASE ` ` Enter the case number as assigned UP XX` ` Enter the side up of the item as indicated by the sideup mark ONLY ON PT. PROVENIENCED ARTIFACTS. Codes are: DRDorsal, EGedge, EXexterior, INinterior, PLPlatform, UNUnknown VNventral. DO NOT USE ANY OTHER CODES (#` Atype Atype = 1 for < 1cm piece and Atype=2 for >1 cm piece  Part II: DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS CLASS CS Chipped stonehh#( GENUS/FlakeTool Type b$CHIPPED STONEă X%҇Debitage  AD Angular debris  CF Channel flake  CR Core rejuvenation flake  ER Eraillure  FK Flake  IF Impact flake  NF Notching flake  OP Outrepasse  RS Resharpening flake  SH Shatter  SP Heat spall Other  BF Biface  CO Core  TC Test Cobble ~818181,, "Tools" BU Burin DN Denticulate DR Drill ES End scraper GR Graver MP Multipurpose OT Other formally shaped pp2tool describe in pp2COMMENTS PP Projectile point PR Preform RT Retouched flake SC Scraper SK Spokeshave SS Side scraper UF Uniface UT Utilized flake 8@~818181,,~~8181,,8ԯ ELEMENT Lithic raw materials: X%X%҇ AM Amphibolite  BS Basalt` `   CH Chert  FS Fossil  GR Granite  IG Igneous  IN Ignimbrite  LS Limestone   MD Madison Chert  NV Non volcanic glass '~818181,, OB Obsidian  < PW Petrified woodxxA QZ Quartzite RH Rhyolite SE Sedimentary SS Sandstone SL Shale ST Steatite US Unspecified8%~818181,,'~ ~8181,,8ԯ SOURCE For obsidian put in the xray florescence source code (e.g., FC, FS, YC, etc.) unless otherwise noted, other material will receive a UN code @)~818181,, CONDITION (CND) B Burned hh#(U Unburned H heated  hh#(X Unknown/can't tell N Not applicable ANALYST (YOUR INITIALS) %ANALYSIS 2: ă LENGTH ` ` to nearest 10th of a mm. To be filled out on all pieces including shatter, angular debris, heat spalls. Note length on flakes is to be measured from proximal to distal end even on shatter!! On other pieces, length is the maximum. (#` WIDTH Xto nearest 10th of a mm. To be filled out on all pieces including shatter, angular debris, heat spalls. Note width is to be measured at 90 degrees to length on all pieces .(# THICKNESS ` ` to nearest 10th of a mm. To be filled out on all pieces including shatter, angular debris, heat spoils. Note thickness on flakes is to measured from the dorsal to ventral side.(#` BREAKAGE CO complete BR broken US can't tell/unknown FRAGMENTATION  (# For projectile points X%X%҇ BS base  CO complete  EA ear only  LT lateral 818181,, ME midsection TP tip UN unknown8818181,,8181,,8ԯFor flakes and shatter where you can determine what part of the flake is there. Also applies to utilized flakes, end scrapers, etc. when you can determine what portion of the flake is present. FC Complete flakehh#(-FM Medial flake FD Distal flakehh#(FP Proximal flake For bifaces and other items where fragmentation is indeterminate IN Indeterminate CORTEX percentage of cortex on piece (tool, other, or debitage): ` ` 1 = 75100% hh#2 = 174% 3 = 0 % DORSAL SCAR COUNT Count the number of dorsal scars that are greater than or equal to 2 mm that go from the flake edge into the center of the flake or that form part of the face of the flake. 99 = not applicable (don't count dorsal scars for formal tools like projectile points, bifaces, end scrapers, etc AND don't count platform preparation flakes). WEIGHT in grams. '818181,, FLAKE REDUCTION STAGE - subjective criteria utilized for debitage: (see Table) XANG = angular debris; (# BIF = biface thinning or resharpening; ESR = early stage, mass reduction or core shaping; MSR = middle stage, blank preparation; NAF = Not a flake USE ONLY FOR TOOLS WITHOUT FLAKE  <MORPHOLOGY! SHA = Shatter USS = unspecified (broken, or can't tell). NOA =` ` None of the above (shouldn't occur with lithic analysis)(#` SPA = Heat spall COMMENTS ` ` narrative comments as needed. Use on either Analysis 1 or Analysis 2.(#`  818181,,  FLAKE REDUCTION STAGE ă Flake Reduction Code` `  Description ESRXX` ` X XEARLY STAGE REDUCTION(# ` `  unprepared platform ` `  obtuse platform angle ` `  "wide" platform width/thickness ` `  thick flake cross section ` `  only a few flake scars on dorsal surface ` `  flake scars are not regularized ` `  Cortex is usually present MSR` `  MIDDLE STAGE REDUCTION ` `  Prepared/Faceted or plain platform ` `  obtuse to acute platform angle ` `  "Narrow" platform width/thickness ` `  Thin flake cross section, but thick bulb ` `  Higher # of dorsal flake scars than ESR ` `  Regularization of flake scar pattern ` `  May or may not have cortex BIF` `  BIFACE THINNING, RESHARPENING ` `  Thin flake cross section frequently ` `  hh#shell shaped (biface thining) ` `  Acute platform angle ` `  Platform lipping ` `  Platform isolation possible ` `  Regular flake scar pattern dorsally ` `  High number of flake scars ` `  Previous tool edge may be present ` `  Cortex is very rare ANG` `  ANGULAR DEBRIS XX` ` X XA "chunk," usually has no or very little identifiable flake morphology (no bulb, flake scars, force rings, platform, etc.). (# ` `  Planar surfaces rather than flakelike ones ` `   SHA` `  SHATTER XX` ` X X Platform  absent!! Flake fragment with some identifiable flake morphology, but not enough to determine if it fits into the first three categories.  <(# @#818181,, DEBITAGE ANALYSIS DEFINITIONS GEUNUSFlake/tool type chipped stone debitage type (see codes below) Debitage is the residual material that is struck or pressured off the base material during the manufacture and curation or flaked stone tools. The process of striking flakes from the base material is described as percussion flaking. If the percussor or striking implement is a hammerstone this process is described as hard hammer percussion. Soft hammer percussion occurs when the percussor is horn, wood, or bone. In contrast to driving off flakes with a blow, pressure flaking is the process of pushing off flakes by slowly increasing stress (pressure) with a pointed antler tine or bone. Percussion flaking is usually utilized during the initial phases of lithic reduction while pressure flaking is used for platform preparation, finishing and the curation of lithic artifacts.The various types of debitage can be categorized into innumerable classes, all with some value depending upon the type of information sought for analysis. For the purposes of the various Wyoming projects, nine debitage types have been selected and are described below.   AD = ANGULAR DEBRIS Angular debris is best characterized by its angular form. It does not exhibit the characteristics found in flakes such as a bulb of percussion or tapering in thickness from proximal to distal ends and is often as thick as it is wide. Angular debris is often the result of the application of excessive force with a hard hammer technique usually early in the lithic reduction process. F CF = CHANNEL FLAKE A channel flake is the flake removed during the fluting process in the manufacture of Clovis or Folsom projectile points. Complete channel flakes are a rarity because the extreme force necessary for removal usually causes this thin flake to shatter during removal. Channel flakes are characterized by a well prepared, isolated, lipped platform, parallel or nearly parallel sides, and a series of conjoining flake scars perpendicular to the main axis of the channel flake. An isolated striking platform results in a narrow, very distinct platform projection on the flake. A lipped platform may be identified by a definite lip or ridge on the ventral side of the platform. This lip is easily felt with the finger nail is drug across the ventral side of the platform is distal to proximal direction. When viewed from the side, complete channel flakes usually exhibit very little or no curvature in contrast to other flake types. FK = FLAKE A flake is a piece of stone removed from a larger mass of lithic material by the application of force. This removal may be intentional utilizing either the percussion or pressure techniques or can on occasion occur through natural process. A complete flake has a dorsal and a ventral side and a proximal and distal end. The proximal end exhibits a platform or platform remanent where the force initiating the removal of the flake was applied. A bulb of percussion, a semispherical shape, will quite often be present on the ventral side of the flake at the extreme proximal end, especially on the higher grades of lithic material. At or very near the bulb of percussion will usually be the thickest portion of a complete flake. The thickness usually decreases toward the distal end of the complete flake, often feathering out to an extremely sharp end. Alternatively the flake may terminate in what is called a hinge, which is a rounded end of the flake caused by the force of percussion curving out to the dorsal side. The other, less common termination, is called a step. This occurs when the flake terminates abruptly leaving a 90 % angle at the distal end of the flake. Distal ends of flakes are often modified into tools. The ventral side of a flake is the "inner" side which is exposed when the flake is removed from the larger mass of lithic material. On higher grades of lithic material the ventral side of a flake will have percussion rings, ripples, or force rings emanating distally from the bulb of percussion. These ripples are the result of the conchoidal fracture properties of the lithic material and may be likened to the ripples which emanate from a rock being dropped in water the point of which would be equal to the bulb of percussion. Ripple marks may be difficult to discern on lower grade materials, especially quartzite and basalt. The dorsal side of the flake is that side which was away from the base material and may have cortex, ridges or flake scars present upon its surface depending on where the flake was0818181,, removed in the reduction sequence. When viewed from the side, flakes are seldom straight; rather they are usually gently curved toward the ventral side and might be likened to the peel which is removed from an orange. Both edges of a flake usually terminate in extremely sharp edges and were often utilized as tools. FU = Unidentified FLAKE A category used in some "speedier analyses where we are interested only in some very gross information. It is to be used only when told to do so. The FU category refers to the group of chipped stone material that would normally be subdivided into the various categories of flakes noted under class, but because of time restraints, we just need to identify the piece as a "flake". The FU category refers to that group of materials that have the properties of flakes but aren't distinguished according to fragmentation. NF = NOTCHING FLAKE These flakes are produced as material is removed to place notches in projectile points or such tools as tang knives, etc. This process is most often accomplished by the pressure flaking technique but the resulting flake type is rather easily distinguished from the resharpening flake category which are also most often the result of pressure flaking. Notching flakes are most often circular to semicircular in shape and range from .5 cm to 1.5 cm across their widest dimension. They are characterized by a very pronounced bulb of percussion for their small size, much more so than regular pressure resharpening flakes. The platform tends to be indented or recessed rather than projecting as in other flake types. RS = RESHARPENING FLAKE Resharpening flakes are usually produced by pressure flaking and are smaller and thinner than those flakes produced by percussion. Few resharpening flakes will exceed two cm in length with the majority of the complete flakes falling in the one cm range. Due to their extreme thiness, many resharpening flakes shatter during removal or by other post/removal processes such as trampling, etc., Resharpening flakes can be the result of final thinning and finishing of an artifact, platform and edge preparation during manufacture as well as the curation process of reworking or resharpening. It is extremely difficult to differentiate between flakes resulting from these different processes, hence, they are included together in this single category. SH = SHATTER Shatter is obviously a flake which may have such defining characteristics as cortex, dorsal flake scars, and percussion rings. It is a portion of a flake, does not have a platform and you may not be able to tell where the shatter is from on the flake.  SP = HEAT SPALL Heat spalls, also called pot lids, result when lithic materials are exposed to heat, either accidentally or intentionally. They are the result of too rapid an application of heat or the material cooling too quickly, causing the spalls to "pop out" of the lithic material. Heat spalls are characterized by a usually flat dorsal surface and a rounded ventral face giving them the appearance of a turtle shell. They do not have percussion ripples on the rounded ventral face, but such ripples might be present on the dorsal side if a flake had been removed from the lithic material prior to the application of heat.  ELEMENT/Raw Material Type:  For the chipped stone analysis this category is used to tell what the raw material is that you are identifying (See Chipped Stone Coding Form)  CONDITION, CND  Condition is determined for both chipped stone debitage and tools. The following designations are used. B = BURNED Chipped stone material which is burned may show any or all of the following conditions; heat cracking or crazing, pitting from the popping out of heat spalls and a color change to a reddish tinge and on rare occasions even a blackening. Burning usually renders the better grades of lithic material useless for lithic reduction. H = HEAT TREATED The workability of many cherts may be improved by heat treating. In this process heat is slowly introduced and increased until the desired temperature is reached at which point the heat is slowly reduced to facilitate an even and slow cooling of the lithic material. While an occasional0818181,, heat spall may occur during this process, there will be no heat cracking or crazing. The material often takes on a waxy, lustrous appearance and can change colors to include pinks, salmons and even red shades. U = UNBURNED Lithic material in its natural state is coded as unburned. X = UNKNOWN The unknown code is to be used if condition cannot be determined. Will be used with obsidian N= NOT APPLICABLE To be used when the condition of the material is not understandable (i.e., in the case of soil samples, screen bags, or some other odd case. Will be used very rarely in chipped stone analysis.  <  LENGTH  Length is measured to the nearest 10th of a mm. The length measurement is taken along the axis from the proximal end to the distal end even though this may not be the longest span on the artifact. WIDTH  Width is measured across the longest (widest) span perpendicular to the length axis. THICKNESS  Thickness is measured at the thickest point between the two faces of the artifact. In the case of flakes this point will most often be at the bulb of BREAKAGE Breakage is one way of measuring the condition of the material left behind by a site's inhabitants. BR = Broken CO = Complete(IN = Can't tell/don't know   FRAGMENTATION  The fragmentation category is used to refine the breakage category for some classes of artifacts and is then used in subsequent analyses to get a better picture of what occurred at a site.  For projectile points . ` ` BS base ` ` ME mid section ` ` TP tip ` ` LT lateral ` ` EA ear only ` ` CO complete ` ` OT other  For flakes and tools made on flakes (e.g., utilized flakes, end scrapers, etc. FC = COMPLETE FLAKE A complete flake has all parts present. FD = DISTAL FLAKE FRAGMENT A distal flake fragment (Figure D3) has the distal termination of the flake present but is lacking a variable portion of the proximal end with at least the platform missing. FM = MEDIAL FLAKE FRAGMENT A medial flake fragment (Figure D4) is missing variable portions of both the proximal and distal ends, leaving only the center or medial portion of the flake. FP = PROXIMAL FLAKE FRAGMENT A proximal flake fragment has the platform and rest of the proximal end present, missing a variable portion of the distal termination of the flake.  For bifaces and other items where fragmentation is not possible to determine: IN = INDETERMINATE  CORTEX  Cortex is the rough outer rind on the piece of parent material. The type of cortex and the ease of identification as such will vary from one raw material to the next and may even vary within single raw material types. For this analysis determine the percentage of cortex on piece. 1 = 75100% 2 = 174%(-3 = 0% 0818181,,Ԍę   DORSAL SCAR COUNT  count the number of dorsal scars that are greater than or equal to 2 mm. 99 = not applicable.  @818181,, FLAKE REDUCTION STAGE (for flakes and stone tools only) see attached description sheet. This part of the analysis applies subjective criteria to come up with a conclusion about flake types. XANG = angular debris; (# BIF = biface thinning or resharpening; ESR = early stage, mass reduction or core shaping; MSR = middle stage, blank preparation; NAF = Not a flake USE ONLY FOR TOOLS WITHOUT FLAKE  <MORPHOLOGY! SHA = Shatter USS = unspecified (broken, or can't tell). NOA =` ` None of the above (shouldn't occur with lithic analysis)(#`